The clicker is a small hand-held device that makes a distinct, short sound to mark a desired behavior. (See clicker training for a more detailed discussion of this methodology.) It has gained popularity in recent years as being a means of training that does not involve physically correcting the dog, though it may be used in conjunction with these methods.
Prong collars (also called 'pinch collars') are a series of chain links with blunted open ends turned towards the dog's neck. The design of the prong collar is such that it has a limited circumference unlike slip collars which do not have a limit on how far they can constrict on a dog's neck. The limited traction of the martingale chain combined with the angle of the prongs prevents the prongs moving close enough to pinch. The collar is designed to prevent the dog from pulling by applying pressure at each point against the dog's neck.

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  "It would be more ingenuous, and more worthy of my brother's daughter,"said her uncle, coldly, "if she ascribed her willingness to depart toits proper motive." Disregarding the look of deep distress with whichCecilia received this mortifying rejection of her tender attention, theold man on receiving this order, rushed into the room in a medley; but,notwithstanding the surly glances, and savage characters of their dressand equipments, they struck no blow, nor committed any act of hostility.The ladies shrank back appalled, as this terrific little band tookpossession of the hall; and even Borroughcliffe was seen to fallback towards a door which, in some measure, covered his retreat. Theconfusion of this sudden movement had not yet subsided, when soundsof strife were heard rapidly approaching from a distant part of thebuilding, and presently one of the numerous doors of the apartment wasviolently opened, when two of the garrison of the abbey rushed into thehall, vigorously pressed by twice their number of seamen, seconded byGriffith, Manual, and Merry, who were armed with such weapons ofoffence as had presented themselves to their hands, at their unexpectedliberation. There was a movement on the part of the seamen who werealready in possession of the room, that threatened instant death tothe fugitives; but Barnstable beat down their pikes with his sword, andsternly ordered them to fall back. Surprise produced the same pacificresult among the combatants; and as the soldiers hastily sought arefuge behind their own officers, and the released captives, with theirliberators, joined the body of their friends, the quiet of the hall,which had been so rudely interrupted, was soon restored.
Martingale collars (also called limited-slip collars) are usually made of flat nylon with a smaller fixed-length section (made of either nylon or a short length of chain) that, when pulled on by the leash, shortens up tightening the collar around the dog's neck, to a limited extent. When properly fitted, martingales are looser than flat-buckle collars when not tightened, and less severely corrective than slip collars when tightened.
  "Ha!" exclaimed Borroughcliffe, grasping a pistol, with an air ofgreat resolution, "the work thickens--I had not included this man inmy estimate of their numbers. Is he a Samson, that his single arm canchange the face of things so suddenly! Down with your own weapon, youmasquerader! or, at the report of this pistol, your body shall be made atarget for twenty bullets."
  "I bear no commission from any quarter," returned the Pilot; "I rankonly an humble follower of the friends of America; and having led thesegentlemen into danger, I have thought it my duty to see them extricated.They are now safe; and the right to command all that hear me rests withMr. Griffith, who is commissioned by the Continental Congress for suchservice."
  ^{"Nor do we quarrel before ours in England," returned the soldier,throwing back the fierce glance of the sailor with interest; "but I wasthinking of the revolutions that time can produce; nothing more, I doassure you. It is not half an hour since I thought myself a most happyfellow; secure in my plans for overreaching the scheme you had laidto surprise me; and now I am as miserable a dog as wears a singleepaulette, and has no hope of seeing its fellow!"}
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  "This is not a situation for a child of Harry Howard, though she kneltin the presence, and before the throne, of her sovereign. Behold, mydear Cecilia, the natural consequences of this rebellion! It scattersdiscord in their ranks; and, by its damnable leveling principles,destroys all distinction of rank among themselves; even these rash boysknow not where obedience is due!"
  "Certainly not to your perseverance in the project to assist my enemies,madam," returned the soldier, with affected humility; "nor to your zealfor their success, or your consummate coolness at the supper-table! ButI find it is time that I should be superannuated--I can no longer servemy king with credit, and should take to serving my God, like allother worn-out men of the world! My hearing is surely defective, or apaddock-wall has a most magical effect in determining sounds!"
  The Pilot had conducted his surprise with so much skill and secrecyas to have secured every individual about the abbey, whether male orfemale, soldier or civilian; and as it might be dangerous to leave anybehind who could convey intelligence into the country, Griffith hadordered that every human being found in the building should be conductedto the cliffs; to be held in durance at least until the departure ofthe last boat to the cutter, which, he was informed, lay close in tothe land, awaiting their re-embarkation. The hurry of the departure hadcaused many lights to be kindled in the abbey, and the contrast betweenthe glare within and the gloom without attracted the wandering looks ofthe captives, as they issued into the paddock. One of those indefinableand unaccountable feelings which so often cross the human mind inducedCecilia to pause at the great gate of the grounds, and look back at theabbey, with a presentiment that she was to behold it for the lasttime. The dark and ragged outline of the edifice was clearly delineatedagainst the northern sky, while the open windows and neglected doorspermitted a view of the solitude within. Twenty tapers were sheddingtheir useless light in the empty apartments, as if in mockery of thedeserted walls; and Cecilia turned shuddering from the sight, to pressnigher to the person of her indignant uncle, with a secret impressionthat her presence would soon be more necessary than ever to hishappiness.
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Seeking professional help doesn't mean ditching your DIY training program. You can find a professional dog trainer who offers private training sessions, and some trainers even offer online sessions. Many dog owners prefer to join a local dog obedience class so they will be under the supervision of a dog training instructor without the higher cost of private sessions. Plus, classes challenge your dog to learn around the distractions of other dogs.
  _{Katherine had yielded her hand, passively, to her lover, and sufferedhim to lead her more into the circle than she had before been; but nowshe threw off his arm, and shaking aside the dark curls which she hadrather invited to fall in disorder around her brow, she raised her faceand looked proudly up, with an eye that sparkled with the spirit of itsmistress, and a face that grew pale with emotion at each moment, as sheproceeded:}
With your dog sitting at your side, set off and give the command “heel” (so that your dog is aware you are about to move). If the dog gets ahead, stop and encourage it back to your side with a titbit. Repeat. To begin with, stop every three to four paces to praise your dog and give a titbit. Do not use your voice unless your dog is at your side. You can also practise this off-lead in a secure area – this makes you work really hard at keeping your dog with you, rather than relying on the lead.